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Tanytarsini usually have hairy wings, reduced dorsal eye extension, reduced anal lobe of wings, and vein R ending near wingtip. Male tergite 8 is often constricted at front. Crossvein r-m is more or less parallel to wing axis. They are usually small and are rarely photographed. The common species fly in spring before Chironomini.

Chironomini rarely have hairy wings (exceptions in Polypedilum and some related genera, and in Kiefferulus). Vein M usually ends behind wingtip (exceptions in Polypedium and some genera that don't really belong in Chironomini). Almost all species have a long dorsal eye extension. Tergite 8 is unmodified except in Polypedilum. The anal lobe is often large. Crossvein r-m forms a distinct angle to the veins it connects to and is usually perpendicular to wing axis. They are often large, to 15 mm.

I forgot to mention Stenochironomus among the genera of Chironominae with marked wings. The wing markings have well-defined edges when present.

You also have one species of Pseudochironomini in Europe. Vein M ends near wingtip, dorsal eye extensions are small, and fore basitarsus is short.