---

Ephydridae larvae and pupae are characterized by breathing tube bifurcate at end. The length of the tube is relatively different among genera.
The first - Paracoenia fumosa (body length 5 mm without tube) - has the longest one in this family

---

Parydra aquila (body length 5 mm without tube) - medium one

---

Ephydra riparia and Setacera aurata (body length 6 mm without tube) - rather short

---

Setacera aurata

---

scatella (body length 3 mm without tibe) - short tube

---

I have some pupa (and larva) too with shorter and longer brething tube, like this the one, of which I think is Dichaeta caudata

---

or even shorter breathing tube, but with characteristic thoracic patttern (Pelina)

---

Or even without breathing tube but with two posterior spines, which are used to pierce the parenchym. In this case a Hydrellia spec piercing Lemna gibba. By the way, this is the smallest Hydrellia I have ever seen, normally (in The Netherlands) they are twice this size. Most often (or always) Hydrellia spec. prefer one type of macrophyt and in this case probably restricted to Lemna.

---

Or a pupa with more dorsally placed (but short) breathing tube, like in this Nostima spec.

---

and in this final photograph, an unknown pupa of an Ephydridae with long bifurcate breathing tubes

---

So we have here nice collection!
:D;):)

---

Resembles Scatella (Neoscatella) clavipes and S.(N.) warreni if compare with figures in Ferrar, 1987. Both Australasian/Oceanian....
Possibly something less exotic (crassicosta for example: who has long face possibly has long tube branches)
:D

---

This unknown pupa (last photo) was collected exactly at the Dutch/Belgium border in a stream called Noordermark. It looks also something like Parydra coarctata, which suppose to occur in The Netherlands.

---

amazing material here! Congrats. Submit them to the gallery. A real treasure.

---

All great gallery material - well done Cranefly and Atylotus! :)